Efek Neuroprotektif Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate pada Model Hewan Penyakit Alzheimer: Tinjauan Literatur
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54082/jupin.2587Kata Kunci:
Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate, Fungsi Kognitif, Model Hewan, Neuroproteksi, Penyakit AlzheimerAbstrak
Penyakit Alzheimer merupakan penyakit neurodegeneratif progresif yang ditandai oleh akumulasi β-amiloid, hiperfosforilasi protein tau, stres oksidatif, dan neuroinflamasi yang berujung pada penurunan fungsi kognitif. Hingga saat ini, terapi yang tersedia masih terbatas pada perbaikan gejala dan belum mampu menghentikan progresivitas penyakit secara signifikan. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), polifenol utama dalam teh hijau, diketahui memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan antiinflamasi yang berpotensi memberikan efek neuroprotektif pada penyakit Alzheimer. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau dan menganalisis bukti ilmiah mengenai efektivitas serta mekanisme neuroprotektif EGCG pada model hewan penyakit Alzheimer. Metode yang digunakan adalah literature review dengan pencarian artikel pada basis data PubMed dan ScienceDirect menggunakan kata kunci yang relevan dengan topik penelitian. Pencarian literatur dilakukan melalui basis data PubMed dan ScienceDirect menggunakan kata kunci yang berkaitan dengan EGCG, penyakit Alzheimer, neuroproteksi, dan model hewan. Sebanyak tujuh artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dianalisis secara deskriptif dan disintesis secara naratif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa EGCG secara konsisten memperbaiki fungsi belajar dan memori pada berbagai model hewan penyakit Alzheimer. Efek neuroprotektif tersebut dimediasi melalui penghambatan pembentukan dan akumulasi β-amiloid, penurunan hiperfosforilasi protein tau, pengurangan stres oksidatif dan neuroinflamasi, serta peningkatan integritas sinaptik dan ekspresi faktor neurotropik. Dengan demikian, EGCG berpotensi menjadi kandidat agen neuroprotektif multitarget pada penyakit Alzheimer, meskipun penelitian translasional dan uji klinis lebih lanjut masih diperlukan untuk mengonfirmasi efektivitas dan keamanannya pada manusia.
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