Optimasi Ekstraksi Karagenan dari Gracilaria verrucosa Menggunakan DES Choline Chloride–Glycerol dengan Response Surface Methodology Berdasarkan Rendemen dan Kadar Sulfat
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54082/jupin.2892Kata Kunci:
Deep Eutectic Solvent, Gracilaria verrucosa, kadar sulfat, karagenan, Response Surface Methodology, rendemenAbstrak
Ekstraksi karagenan secara konvensional umumnya menggunakan larutan alkali, seperti kalium hidroksida (KOH), yang dapat menghasilkan limbah selama pengolahan. Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) berbasis choline chloride–glycerol dikaji sebagai alternatif pelarut untuk ekstraksi karagenan rumput laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengoptimalkan ekstraksi karagenan dari Gracilaria verrucosa menggunakan Response Surface Methodology (RSM) dengan Box–Behnken Design (BBD). Variabel yang dikaji meliputi waktu ekstraksi, rasio DES terhadap bahan, dan ukuran partikel, dengan rendemen dan kadar sulfat sebagai respons. Karakteristik gugus fungsi dianalisis menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Berdasarkan 15 percobaan, rendemen berkisar antara 62,62–91,95% dan kadar sulfat antara 3,4–4,6%. Model rendemen tidak signifikan (p = 0,192), sedangkan model kadar sulfat signifikan (p = 0,003). Kondisi optimum prediksi diperoleh pada waktu ekstraksi 2,899 jam, rasio DES 0,10, dan ukuran partikel 29,697 mesh. Pengujian pada kondisi aktual, yaitu waktu ekstraksi 3 jam, rasio DES 0,10, dan ukuran partikel 20 mesh, menghasilkan rendemen 86,4% dan kadar sulfat 4,601%. Spektrum FTIR menunjukkan pita serapan sekitar 1034 dan 856 cm⁻¹, sedangkan pita sekitar 930 cm⁻¹ tidak terlihat jelas. Jenis karagenan yang dihasilkan belum dapat ditentukan secara pasti berdasarkan FTIR sehingga diperlukan analisis lanjutan. Penelitian ini memberikan dasar awal untuk mengkaji penggunaan DES choline chloride–glycerol dalam ekstraksi karagenan. Kondisi optimum prediksi juga memerlukan validasi eksperimental.
Referensi
Aristizábal-Alzate, C. E., Castillejos-López, E., Dongil, A. B., & Romero-Sáez, M. (2025). Integration of Design of Experiments, Analysis of Variance and Response Surface Methodology in Assessing Heterogeneous Catalysts Processes: A Minireview. In ChemistryOpen (Vol. 14, Number 1). John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/open.202400148
Benítez-Correa, E., Bastías-Montes, J. M., Acuña-Nelson, S., & Muñoz-Fariña, O. (2023). Effect of choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents on polyphenols extraction from cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) bean shells and antioxidant activity of extracts. Current Research in Food Science, 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100614
Daet, I. P., Chen, T. Y., Nuñal, S. N., Peralta, J. P., Simora, R. M. C., Lee, M. C., Chang, J. S., & Traifalgar, R. F. M. (2025). Optimized Alkaline Extraction and Functional Characterization of Carrageenan from Eucheuma perplexum Using Response Surface Methodology. Foods, 14(20), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14203496
Das, A. K., Sharma, M., Mondal, D., & Prasad, K. (2016). Deep eutectic solvents as efficient solvent system for the extraction of κ-carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii. Carbohydrate Polymers, 136, 930–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.114
Jiang, J. L., Zhang, W. Z., Ni, W. X., & Shao, J. W. (2021). Insight on structure-property relationships of carrageenan from marine red algal: A review. In Carbohydrate Polymers (Vol. 257). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117642
Kumalaningrum, A. N., Poeloengasih, C. D., Azhary, M. F., Sholihah, N., Syafitri, T. A., Sabillah, H., Nusantara, B. G., & Christyandari, D. A. (2025). Optimization of Carrageenan Extraction from Kappaphycus alvarezii using Ultrasonic-assisted Cellulase Extraction (UACE). Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 28(2), 187–209. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v28i2.61454
Larson, S., Stoeckl, N., Fachry, M. E., Dalvi Mustafa, M., Lapong, I., Purnomo, A. H., Rimmer, M. A., & Paul, N. A. (2021). Women’s well-being and household benefits from seaweed farming in Indonesia. Aquaculture, 530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735711
Mendes, M., Cotas, J., Gutiérrez, I. B., Gonçalves, A. M. M., Critchley, A. T., Hinaloc, L. A. R., Roleda, M. Y., & Pereira, L. (2024). Advanced Extraction Techniques and Physicochemical Properties of Carrageenan from a Novel Kappaphycus alvarezii Cultivar. Marine Drugs, 22(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/md22110491
Mulio, A. T., Chiu, C. S., Chan, Y. J., Lu, W. C., & Li, P. H. (2025). New Perspectives on Polysaccharides From Gracilaria and Gracilariopsis (Rhodophyta) and Their Potential Applications in Future Industries. In Food Frontiers (Vol. 6, Number 5, pp. 2129–2143). John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.70051
Shafie, M. H., Kamal, M. L., Zulkiflee, F. F., Hasan, S., Uyup, N. H., Abdullah, S., Mohamed Hussin, N. A., Tan, Y. C., & Zafarina, Z. (2022). Application of Carrageenan extract from red seaweed (Rhodophyta) in cosmetic products: A review. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 99(9), 100613. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JICS.2022.100613
Sharma, A., & Lee, B. S. (2024). Toxicity test profile for deep eutectic solvents: A detailed review and future prospects. Chemosphere, 350, 141097. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2023.141097
Szpisják-Gulyás, N., Al-Tayawi, A. N., Horváth, Z. H., László, Z., Kertész, S., & Hodúr, C. (2023). Methods for experimental design, central composite design and the Box–Behnken design, to optimise operational parameters: A review. Acta Alimentaria, 52(4), 521–537. https://doi.org/10.1556/066.2023.00235
Udo, T., Mummaleti, G., Mohan, A., Singh, R. K., & Kong, F. (2023). Current and emerging applications of carrageenan in the food industry. Food Research International, 173, 113369. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODRES.2023.113369
Ummat, V., Sivagnanam, S. P., Rajauria, G., O’Donnell, C., & Tiwari, B. K. (2021). Advances in pre-treatment techniques and green extraction technologies for bioactives from seaweeds. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 110(December 2020), 90–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.018
Vandanjon, L., Burlot, A. S., Zamanileha, E. F., Douzenel, P., Ravelonandro, P. H., Bourgougnon, N., & Bedoux, G. (2023). The Use of FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Seasonal Variation Analysis and for the Quality Control of Polysaccharides from Seaweeds. Marine Drugs, 21(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/md21090482
Zhang, J., Waldron, S., Langford, Z., Julianto, B., & Komarek, A. M. (2024). China’s growing influence in the global carrageenan industry and implications for Indonesia. Journal of Applied Phycology, 36(2), 639–660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-023-03004-0
Unduhan
Diterbitkan
Cara Mengutip
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Hazim Zhuhur Muzhaffar
Artikel ini berlisensi Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
